# 第 2 节来源核实记录

核实方式：所有来源均通过 WebFetch 打开 Europe PMC REST 记录（`<https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/search?query=DOI:<doi>&resultType=core&format=json`>，个别用 `TITLE:` 或 `EXT_ID:<pmid> AND SRC:MED` 查询），记录里含题名、作者、期刊、年份、DOI、PMID 和完整摘要，引用的数字均在摘要里。PubMed 网页版对 WebFetch 返回 cookie 拦截页，doi.org 返回 302 后出版商页面（NEJM）返回 403，因此以 Europe PMC 记录为准。DOI 一律按 Europe PMC 记录填写（其中 Aune 2016 坚果一文 DOI 实为 `10.1186/s12916-016-0730-3`，我原记忆的 `-0730-5` 有误，该文最终未收入正文）。

## 第 1 条 戒烟
- <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211128> — 已确认：Jha P 等, NEJM 2013, PMID 23343063。摘要原文："Life expectancy was shortened by more than 10 years among the current smokers"；"Adults who had quit smoking at 25 to 34, 35 to 44, or 45 to 54 years of age gained about 10, 9, and 6 years of life, respectively"；"Cessation before the age of 40 years reduces the risk of death associated with continued smoking by about 90%."
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00340-2> — 已确认：Chen Z 等, Lancet 2015, PMID 26466050。摘要原文：urban men "RR 1·32 [95% CI 1·24-1·41] vs 1·65 [1·53-1·79]"（1990s vs 2010s），rural men "RR 1·13 [1·09-1·17] vs 1·22 [1·16-1·29]"；"Ex-smokers who had stopped by choice…had little smoking-attributed risk more than 10 years after stopping."
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8> — 已确认：Oberg M 等, Lancet 2011, PMID 21112082。摘要原文："603,000 deaths were attributable to second-hand smoke in 2004, which was about 1·0% of worldwide mortality."

## 第 2 条 含糖饮料
- <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401> — 已确认：Malik VS 等, Circulation 2019, PMID 30882235。摘要原文：分类 "(<1/mo, 1-4/mo, 2-6/week, 1-<2/d, and ≥2/d) were 1.00 (reference), 1.01 (0.98, 1.04), 1.06 (1.03, 1.09), 1.14 (1.09, 1.19), and 1.21 (1.13, 1.28)"；37 716 men and 80 647 women，"36 436 deaths"。摘要未给每份/天的 HR，正文未引用。
- <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478> — 已确认：Mullee A 等, JAMA Intern Med 2019。摘要原文：total soft drinks "HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11-1.22"；sugar-sweetened "HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16"；artificially sweetened "HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.16-1.35"；451,743 participants。

## 第 3 条 低钠盐
- <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105675> — 已确认：Neal B 等, NEJM 2021, PMID 34459569。摘要原文：20,995 participants，mean follow-up 4.74 years；stroke "rate ratio, 0.86"；major cardiovascular events "rate ratio, 0.87"；death "39.28 events vs. 44.61 events per 1000 person-years; rate ratio, 0.88"；hyperkalemia rate ratio 1.04，无显著差异。
- <https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311889> — 已确认：O'Donnell M 等, NEJM 2014, PMID 25119607。摘要原文："≥ 7.00 g per day…odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.30"；"below 3.00 g per day…odds ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.44"。

## 第 4 条 步数
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9> — 已确认：Paluch AE 等, Lancet Public Health 2022, PMID 35247352。摘要原文："47 471 adults, among whom there were 3013 deaths"；"Quartile median steps per day were 3553 for quartile 1, 5801 for quartile 2, 7842 for quartile 3, and 10 901 for quartile 4"；"adjusted HR for all-cause mortality was 0·60 (95% CI 0·51-0·71) for quartile 2, 0·55 (0·49-0·62) for quartile 3, and 0·47 (0·39-0·57) for quartile 4"；≥60 岁 "6000-8000 steps per day"，<60 岁 "8000-10 000 steps per day"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwad229> — 已确认：Banach M 等, Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023, PMID 37555441。摘要原文："A 1000-step increment was associated with a 15% decreased risk of all-cause mortality"；"the cut-off point of 3867 steps/day for all-cause mortality"。

## 第 5 条 降压/降脂药依从
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8> — 已确认：Ettehad D 等, Lancet 2016, PMID 26724178。摘要原文：major cardiovascular events "RR 0·80, 95% CI 0·77-0·83"；stroke "0·73, 0·68-0·77"；heart failure "0·72, 0·67-0·78"；"13% reduction in all-cause mortality (0·87, 0·84-0·91)"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5> — 已确认：CTT Collaboration, Lancet 2010, PMID 21067804。摘要原文：major vascular events "rate ratio [RR] 0·78, 95% CI 0·76–0·80"；"all-cause mortality was reduced by 10% per 1·0 mmol/L LDL reduction (RR 0·90, 95% CI 0·87–0·93)"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht295> — 已确认：Chowdhury R 等, Eur Heart J 2013, PMID 23907142。摘要原文："Corresponding RRs of all-cause mortality were 0.55 (0.46-0.67) and 0.71 (0.64-0.78) for good adherence to statins and antihypertensive agents"；good vs poor (<80%) adherence。

## 第 6 条 睡眠
- <https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.5.585> — 已确认：Cappuccio FP 等, Sleep 2010, PMID 20469800。摘要原文："16 studies…1,382,999 male and female participants…112,566 deaths"；short "RR: 1.12; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.18"；long "1.30; [1.22 to 1.38]"。摘要未给短/长的小时定义，正文未写具体阈值。
- <https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005947> — 已确认：Yin J 等, JAHA 2017, PMID 28889101。摘要原文：<7 h "RR was 1.06 (95% CI, 1.04-1.07) per 1-hour reduction"；>7 h "RR was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.11-1.15) per 1-hour increment"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad253> — 已确认：Windred DP 等, Sleep 2024, PMID 37738616。摘要原文："60 977 UK Biobank participants"；"1859" deaths；"Higher sleep regularity was associated with a 20%-48% lower risk of all-cause mortality"（top four SRI quintiles vs least regular quintile）；"Sleep regularity was a stronger predictor of all-cause mortality than sleep duration"。

## 第 7 条 中等强度运动
- <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533> — 已确认：Arem H 等, JAMA Intern Med 2015, PMID 25844730。摘要原文：less than 7.5 MET-h/week "HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.78-0.82]"；1 to 2 times "HR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.67-0.70]"；2 to 3 times "HR, 0.63"；3 to 5 times "HR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.59-0.62]"；10 or more times "HR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.59-0.78]"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4570> — 已确认：Ekelund U 等, BMJ 2019, PMID 31434697。摘要原文：MVPA 四分位 HR "1.00, 0.64 (0.55–0.74), 0.55 (0.40–0.74), and 0.52 (0.43–0.61)"；total PA 最高四分位 "0.27 (0.23 to 0.32)"。

## 第 8 条 力量训练
- <https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-105061> — 已确认：Momma H 等, Br J Sports Med 2022, PMID 35228201。摘要原文："Muscle-strengthening activities were associated with a 10-17% lower risk of all-cause mortality"；"J-shaped associations with the maximum risk reduction (approximately 10-20%) at approximately 30-60 min/week"；"Combined muscle-strengthening and aerobic activities (versus none) were associated with a lower risk of all-cause…mortality"。

## 第 9 条 久坐
- <https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-0212> — 已确认：Diaz KM 等, Ann Intern Med 2017, PMID 28892811。摘要原文：total sedentary time highest vs lowest quartile "HR, 2.63 [CI, 1.60 to 4.30]"；bout duration "HR, 1.96 [CI, 1.31 to 2.93]"；结论 "both the total volume of sedentary time and its accrual in prolonged, uninterrupted bouts are associated with all-cause mortality"。摘要未提 30 分钟阈值，正文标题未写具体分钟数。
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1> — 已确认：Ekelund U 等, Lancet 2016, PMID 27475271。摘要原文：referent "those sitting <4 h/day and in the most active quartile [>35·5 MET-h per week]"；lowest PA quartile + sitting >8 h/day "HR=1·59, 1·52-1·66"；most active + >8 h "HR=1·04; 95% CI 0·99-1·10"；"about 60-75 min per day…seem to eliminate the increased risk of death associated with high sitting time"；TV ≥5 h in most active "HR=1·16, 1·05-1·28"。

## 第 10 条 加工肉
- <https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt261> — 已确认：Larsson SC, Orsini N, Am J Epidemiol 2014, PMID 24148709。摘要原文（highest vs lowest）：unprocessed red meat "1.10 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.22)"；processed meat "1.23 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.28)"；total red meat "1.29 (95% CI: 1.24, 1.35)"。
- <https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.153148> — 已确认：Schwingshackl L 等, Am J Clin Nutr 2017, PMID 28446499。摘要原文（per serving/day）：whole grains "RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.95"；red meat "RR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.18"；processed meat "RR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.36"。
- <https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-1621> — 已确认：Johnston BC 等, Ann Intern Med 2019, PMID 31569235。摘要原文："continue current unprocessed red meat consumption (weak recommendation, low-certainty evidence)"；"continue current processed meat consumption (weak recommendation, low-certainty evidence)"。

## 第 11 条 饮酒
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X> — 已确认：Wood AM 等, Lancet 2018, PMID 29676281。摘要原文："the minimum mortality risk around or below 100 g per week"；40 岁预期寿命：>100–≤200 g/week "approximately 6 months"，>200–≤350 g/week "1–2 years"，>350 g/week "4–5 years"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2> — 已确认：GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators, Lancet 2018。摘要原文："The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0·0-0·8) standard drinks per week."
- <https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6185> — 已确认：Zhao J 等, JAMA Netw Open 2023, PMID 37000449。摘要原文："low-volume drinkers (1.3-24.0 g per day; RR, 0.93; P = .07) compared with lifetime nondrinkers"；"45 to 64 and 65 or more grams per day (RR, 1.19 and 1.35; P < .001)"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.22.2437> — 已确认：Di Castelnuovo A 等, Arch Intern Med 2006, PMID 17159008。摘要原文："maximum protection being 18% in women (99% confidence interval, 13%-22%) and 17% in men"；"up to 4 drinks per day in men and 2 drinks per day in women, was inversely associated with total mortality"。

## 第 12 条 全谷物
- <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2716> — 已确认：Aune D 等, BMJ 2016, PMID 27301975。摘要原文：per 90 g/day "0.83 (0.77 to 0.90; I(2)=83%, n=11) for all causes"；"Reductions in risk were observed up to an intake of 210-225 g/day"。
- Schwingshackl 2017 同第 10 条（whole grains RR 0.92）。

## 第 13 条 水果蔬菜
- <https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw319> — 已确认：Aune D 等, Int J Epidemiol 2017, PMID 28338764。摘要原文："the summary RR per 200 g/day was…0.90 (95% CI: 0.87-0.93…for all-cause mortality"；"Reductions in risk were observed up to 800 g/day for all outcomes except cancer (600 g/day)"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048996> — 已确认：Wang DD 等, Circulation 2021, PMID 33641343。摘要原文："daily intake of 5 servings of fruit and vegetables was associated with hazard ratios (95% CI) of 0.87 (0.85-0.90) for total mortality"（对照 2 份/天）；"≈5 servings per day of fruit and vegetables, or 2 servings of fruit and 3 servings of vegetables, was associated with the lowest mortality"。

## 第 14 条 超加工食品
- <https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077310> — 已确认：Lane MM 等, BMJ 2024, PMID 38418082。摘要原文："all cause mortality (risk ratio 1.21, 1.15 to 1.27; low)" class II highly suggestive；"cardiovascular disease related mortality (risk ratio 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.37 to 1.63; GRADE=very low)" class I convincing。

## 第 15 条 室内燃烧 / PM2.5
- <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.2151> — 已确认：Yu K 等, JAMA 2018, PMID 29614179。摘要原文：271,217 adults；cooking solid fuel all-cause "HR, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.03-1.20]"；heating "HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.03-1.26]"；switched (cooking) "HR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.79-0.95]"；switched (heating) "HR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.57-0.79]"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105974> — 已确认：Chen J, Hoek G, Environ Int 2020, PMID 32703584。摘要原文："The combined Risk Ratio (RR) for PM₂.₅ and natural-cause mortality was 1.08 (95%CI 1.06, 1.09) per 10 µg/m³"，104 cohort studies。

## 第 16 条 体重
- <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1> — 已确认：Global BMI Mortality Collaboration, Lancet 2016, PMID 27423262。摘要原文："All-cause mortality was minimal at 20·0-25·0 kg/m(2)"；25.0-27.5 "1·07, 1·07-1·08"；27.5-30.0 "1·20, 1·18-1·22"；30.0-35.0 "1·45, 95% CI 1·41-1·48"；35.0-40.0 "1·94, 1·87-2·01"；40.0-60.0 "2·76, 2·60-2·92"；East Asia per 5 kg/m² "1·39 (1·34-1·44)"；分析限定 "never-smokers without chronic diseases at recruitment who survived 5 years"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.113905> — 已确认：Flegal KM 等, JAMA 2013, PMID 23280227。摘要原文："The summary HRs were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.96) for overweight, 1.18 (95% CI, 1.12-1.25) for obesity (all grades combined), 0.95 (95% CI, 0.88-1.01) for grade 1 obesity, and 1.29 (95% CI, 1.18-1.41) for grades 2 and 3 obesity."

## 第 41 条 小作坊散装自榨花生油
PR #39 原稿定 A 级，收益栏里「抽检超标率显著高于预包装油」「碱炼脱除率 90% 以上」两句没有原始出处，GB 2761 链接只到 cfsa 首页。2026-09-28 合并后改写：删掉这两句，换成下面两项中国人群研究，降为 B 级（单项观察性研究、终点为肝功能化验与出生结局）。收益量级凭判断定为中：阈值表按死亡率相对降幅套，这里没有死亡率终点，但肝功能异常低约 35%、低出生体重 aOR 1.9 都是健康终点而非单纯替代指标。
- <https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1484414> — 已确认：Lei J 等, Front Public Health 2024;12, PMID 39758209。摘要原文："The AFB1 concentrations in HMPO were 1.29 (0.12, 6.58) μg/kg"；"an immediate decrease of 2.865 μg/kg (P = 0.006) and a sustained annual reduction of 2.593 μg/kg (P = 0.034)"；"reduction in the prevalence of liver function abnormality (PR = 0.650, 95% CI: 0.469-0.902)"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2024.2336312> — 已确认：Zhong Y 等, Glob Health Action 2024;17, PMID 38629142。摘要原文："Of 1611 pregnant women, 1316 (81.7%) had consumed homemade peanut oil"；"aORs of 1.9 (95% CI 1.1-3.2) and 1.8 (95% CI 1.1-3.0)"（依次为 LBW、PB）。
- <https://publications.iarc.fr/123> — 已确认：页面标题 "Chemical Agents and Related Occupations"，即 IARC Monographs Vol 100F，黄曲霉毒素收在该卷，为 1 类致癌物。
- GB 2761-2017 花生油及其制品黄曲霉毒素 B1 限量 20 μg/kg：未取到标准原文，待核实。

## 第 42 条 植物油代替猪油黄油
PR #39 原稿把 Abdelhamid 2020 的规模（86 项 RCT、162,796 人）安到 Hooper 2020 头上；「RR 0.79（0.66–0.93）」「RR 0.89」两个数在两篇摘要里都找不到；「omega-6 与 omega-3 比例 15~20:1、理想 4:1」没有来源。2026-09-28 合并后按三篇 Cochrane 摘要原文重写，主张从「换高油酸油、冷淋亚麻籽油」改为「植物油代替饱和脂肪，别指望换油和亚麻籽油」。
- <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3> — 已确认：Hooper L 等, Cochrane 2020。摘要原文："15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (16 comparisons, 56,675 participants)"；"reduced the risk of combined cardiovascular events by 17% (risk ratio (RR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70 to 0.98"；all-cause mortality "RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03"；cardiovascular mortality "RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.12"；"Subgrouping did not suggest significant differences between replacement of saturated fat calories with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate, and data on replacement with monounsaturated fat and protein was very limited"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011094.pub4> — 已确认：Hooper L, Al-Khudairy L, Abdelhamid AS 等, Cochrane 2018 Nov, PMID 30488422。摘要原文："19 RCTs in 6461 participants"；all-cause mortality "RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.12"；CVD events "RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.15"；"low-quality evidence"。
- <https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5> — 已确认：Abdelhamid AS 等, Cochrane 2020。摘要原文："86 RCTs (162,796 participants)"；ALA all-cause mortality "RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.20"；ALA coronary heart disease events "RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.22"。
- 中国居民膳食指南（2022）烹调油 25–30 g/天：未取到原文，沿用 PR 原稿，待核实。

## 已核实但未收入正文
- Aune D 等 (2016) 坚果, BMC Medicine, <https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0730-3>, PMID 27916000：per 28 g/day ACM "0.78 (95% CI: 0.72-0.84)"。效应量疑受混杂放大且每日花钱，为控制条目数（16 条上限）未收。
- Sofi F 等 (2010) 地中海饮食, Am J Clin Nutr, <https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29673>, PMID 20810976：2-point increase "RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.94"。与第 10、12、13 条重叠，未收。
- Holt-Lunstad J 等 (2010) PLoS Med, <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316>, PMID 20668659："OR = 1.50 (95% CI 1.42 to 1.59)"；Holt-Lunstad J 等 (2015) Perspect Psychol Sci, <https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352>, PMID 25910392："social isolation odds ratio (OR) = 1.29, loneliness OR = 1.26, and living alone OR = 1.32"。社交孤立效应大但反向因果重、无干预证据，为控制条目数未收；如需可直接补为第 17 条。

## 未确认项
- 无。正文所有数字均来自上述已打开的记录。正文中的「成本」栏（价格、时间）为作者估算，不引用文献。